Browsing by Subject "Ground Water"
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- PublicationGroundwater Availability and Conjunctive Use Assessment in the Eastern Nile Country Report - South Sudan(2019-10)South Sudan extends from latitude 3o 30” N to approximately latitude 12o 15” N and from longitude 23o 30” E to longitude 36o E. It has an area of more than 644,330 km² with population of 11.3 million in 2013, which is predominantly rural. Nevertheless, the country is experiencing a high rate of urban growth. The system of government is decentralised, comprising of national and state levels; in addition to county, payam and boma as local levels. It is rich in biodiversity, which includes swamplands; lush savannas; woodlands; rainforests; and special areas of mountainous vegetation that are home to many species of wildlife and that support a large number of livestock. Most of the inhabitants depend on farming, animal husbandry, fishing and the other natural harvests, catches and products for their livelihoods. Most of the government’s revenue is driven from petroleum sector; and very little is raised from nonoil revenues.
- PublicationGroundwater Availability and Conjunctive Use Assessment in the Eastern Nile Country Report - Sudan(2019-10)Sudan is endowed with considerable groundwater resources with more than 50% of the surface area of the country underlain by groundwater. This estimate also applies to the areas of Sudan within the Eastern Nile Basin which is the study area of this report. The aquifers of Sudan and those within the study area can be classified into four categories according the dominant aquifer formation. These are: X The Nubian Sandstone Aquifers X The Umm Ruwaba Formation Aquifers X The Recent Alluvial Wadi-fill Aquifers X The Basement Complex Aquifers The Nubian Sandstone Aquifers are the most prevalent in the study area as they cover about 33% of its surface area, while the Umm Ruwaba formation cover about 13%. Alluvial aquifers occur within the deposits of the natural drainage systems. They comprise shallow aquifers of good quality water. These aquifers are significant in areas underlain by basement rocks as they provide a reliable source of water for the communities around them. This study focuses on the large sedimentary aquifers in the Eastern Nile basin within Sudan and will not address the numerous alluvial aquifers in the study area.
- PublicationGroundwater Availability and Conjunctive Use Assessment in the Eastern Nile Groundwater Monitoring Design(2019-10)Groundwater monitoring of both levels and quality will depend on where the resource is currently being abstracted or where potential exists to develop its use for various purposes. A typical groundwater monitoring program will involve monthly analysis of both level and quality at key locations. The common practice is that; groundwater monitoring should have certain predefined objectives. The general objective of the monitoring program is to supply data for characterization of the regional groundwater systems, identification of trends in time and prediction of the regional impacts. The design of a cost effective and purposeful monitoring network largely depends on the stages of groundwater (aquifer) assessment and development, the importance of the aquifer, the threats on the aquifers, as well as the natural resilience and fragility of the aquifers. Figure 1 shows some general recommendation as to what type of monitoring is required depending on the degree of groundwater development. Design of groundwater monitoring network also depends on financial and institutional capacity to sustainably run monitoring network.
- PublicationGroundwater Availability and Conjunctive Use Assessment in the Eastern Nile Regional Report(2019-10)The Eastern Nile Basin has a special significance in the water resources management of the entire Nile Basin. The Eastern Nile basin contributes the largest volume of surface water flows, the largest amount of renewable groundwater resources and also the largest groundwater storage potential when it is compared with the other sub basins of the Nile. The aquifers in the Eastern Nile Groundwater basins and the other basins connected to the Eastern Nile groundwater basins collectively have a proven groundwater storage amounting to more than 210,000 Billion m3. While the upstream countries are characterized by smaller aquifers with connection to present day renewable groundwater recharge, the aquifers in the lower Nile segment are characterized by large storage with limited groundwater recharge, except along the Nile valley. The Eastern Nile basin is underlain by four major categories of aquifers. The basement rock aquifers occupy 30 % of the basin area, most of which is exposed in arid areas of Sudan and Egypt. The consolidated multilayered sedimentary rock aquifer covers 24% of the surface area of Eastern Nile basin but contain one of the most prolific aquifers with very big storage. The multilayered unconsolidated sediments, occupying 34% of the basin areas is the most exploited aquifer for irrigation water use in Sudan and Egypt. Volcanic rock aquifers cover 12% of the basin area, whereby 80% of the volcanic aquifers are confined within Ethiopia. More than 30 individual aquifers have been identified in the Nile Basin.