The Nile Basin plays a critical role in the development of the riparian countries, particularly in the development of key economic infrastructure such as irrigation schemes and hydropower dams. Irrigated agriculture, fisheries and livestock are the dominant economic activities along the Nile basin; it also supports the livelihoods of more than 160 million people who are involved in rain-fed agriculture mainly in Ethiopia and Sudan. The Nile Basin and the River Nile itself however, are under serious threat from land degradation and related environmental challenges. The main causes of land degradation are the clearing of forests, woodlands, and wetlands for large-scale and smallholder agriculture, overgrazing of rangelands, the use of inappropriate agricultural and grazing practices and over-exploitation of forests and woodlands for fuelwood and charcoal. These factors integrated with other socio-economic and cultural factors lead to soil erosion, high rates of runoff, soil fertility decline, low productivity, flash flooding, water shortages and high sediment discharge. These in turn have serious implications for agricultural productivity, water availability and quality, sedimentation and biodiversity conservation.

This impact assessment study of the Eastern Nile Watershed Interventions for scaling up refers to the natural resource-biophysical and socioeconomic-livelihoods impact assessment of the TBIWRDP Sub-Component B1, here after referred Tana Beles watershed or the project . The Tana Beles watershed development sub component B1, had a specific goal and development objective of sustainable livelihoods and natural resource management systems in the Eastern Nile watershed through community participation and a development objective of improving the livelihoods of rural households living in upper catchments of Ribb, Gumera and Jema Watersheds through enhanced productivity and promotion of sustainable land use practices. The project objectives and goal remained highly relevant to the Government of Ethiopia’s development priorities, related to integrated watershed development. The study was confined to the Lake Tana sub Basin within the Ribb, Gumera, and Jemma watersheds, in five micro-watersheds (Baskura, Enguli, Enkulal, Kentai, and Zefie), located in Amhara Regional State. The present impact assessment study field work for scaling up has been carried out from 17-25 March, 2019.